World Country Guide

History and Government

History
At the turn of the 15th century, the area that is now Togo was populated by the Kwa people and tribes from along the Volta river. Over the next 200 years, these were joined by Ewe people from Nigeria and the Ane from Ghana and Cte d’Ivoire. During the 18th century, the coastal region was occupied by Danish colonists who controlled the slave trade in the region. By the late 19th century, the Danes had been replaced by Germans who established the protectorate of Togoland and used slave labour to develop agricultural plantations, although outlawing slavery in 1885. The administration was overthrown by a joint Anglo-French force early in World War I. Then, in 1922, the country was divided into a French-controlled eastern region and a British-occupied western sector, each of which was governed under a League of Nations mandate. After a UN-sponsored referendum in 1956, the British sector merged with the neighbouring colony of Gold Coast to form Ghana, while later in the year, the French part chose to become the autonomous Republic of Togo. It was granted full independence in 1960.

The civilian government that took power at this point lasted just seven years, before a military coup brought Lieutenant-Colonel Etienne Gnassingbe Eyadma to power in January 1967. Eyadma has remained in office until his death in February 2005 – affording him the distinction of being the world’s longest continuously serving head of state – with the support of the country’s sole political party, the Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais (RPT). After MPs hastily changed the constitution, Eyadma’s son, Faure, assumed power and will fulfill his father's term as president until 2008 when new elections are scheduled to be held. Eyadma’s authoritarian style of government spawned numerous opponents and several coup attempts were directed against him. Surprisingly then, Togo was initially in the vanguard of the democratic revolution which swept Africa during 1991. In August 1991, a national conference of the country’s major political forces was convened to chart the path to democratic government. The conference stripped Eyadma of his executive powers (although he retained his position) and installed a transitional administration, the High Council of the Republic, led by Kokou Koffigoh. However, in late November 1991, the government made a serious tactical error by banning the RPT, Eyadma’s political power base. Threatened with a complete loss of political power, the army mutinied, determined to bring Koffigoh down. The arrival of French paratroops in neighbouring Benin brought the violence to a halt while Eyadma and Koffigoh worked out a temporary compromise.

Political turbulence continued in 1992. Multi-party elections were repeatedly postponed and it became evident that Eyadma was determined to hold on to power, come what may. When the poll was eventually held in August 1993, several of the principal opposition parties boycotted it; those that did not were disqualified anyway. Despite intense international pressure, Eyadma clung to power. The next two years were a period of great political tension, which was eventually defused when the combined opposition of the Comit d’Action pour le Renouveau (CAR) and the Union Togolaise pour la Dmocratie (UTD) won the 1994 national assembly elections. This was an aberration in the otherwise continuous rule of Eyadma’s RPT. Eyadma was still in situ as president, and was convincingly re-elected in June 1998 despite extensive fraud and intimidation. By 2002, with his second and final term under the 1993 constitution drawing to a close, Eyadma began to exert pressure to allow him a third term. Not surprisingly, he got his way and began another five-year term in June 2003. The most recent national assembly elections were held in October 2002 – for the third time in succession, they were boycotted by all the main opposition parties, giving victory by default to the RPT. (This is exactly what had happened three years earlier, except, on that occasion, the result was nullified and the poll re-run. The 2002 effort was, in a sense, the re-run.) His son, Faure, assumed power on his death in February 2005. The constitution had been hastily changed to enable him to do this which was condemned both at home and by the international community. Faure promised to hold free and democratic elections as soon as was possible.

Government
The 1993 constitution allows for an executive president directly elected for a five-year term. The legislature is the unicameral Assemble Nationale, whose 81 members are also directly elected for five years.